Reported (Indirect) Speech

**Direct:** "I am tired," she said. **Reported:** She said (that) she **was** tired. **Tense backshift:** - am/is → was, are → were - do/does → did, have/has → had - will → would, can → could - Past Simple → Past Perfect: "I went" → He said he **had gone** **Pronoun changes:** I → he/she, my → his/her, we → they **Time/place changes:** - today → that day, tomorrow → the next day - yesterday → the day before, here → there, this → that **Reporting questions:** - Yes/No: She asked **if/whether** I was coming. - Wh-: He asked **where** I lived. (no question mark!) **Reporting commands:** - "Sit down!" → He told me **to sit down**. - "Don't run!" → She told them **not to run**.